dentist’s discovery
Then, in the 1950s, Fred Slack invented a new type of nail polish. Slack, a dentist, broke his fingernail and decided to fix it by using his dental repair kit. It was the origins of acrylic nails – artificial plastic tips made of poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate), a transparent plastic used in everything from shatterproof glass to false teeth. False tips could be added with special pastes containing low levels of cyanoacrylate (better known as superglue) and other ingredients, such as methacrylate, to create longer nails or intricate shapes and designs.
Polish up your knowledge of nail varnish
From ancient glazes to modern acrylics, how the beauty industry nails applying science
A close up of painting nails with blue polish
Today, you can paint your nails almost every colour under the sun, from classic reds to wild rainbows and intricate patterns. But have you ever wondered about the chemistry behind the lacquers?
Cosmetic nail polish has been around for at least 5000 years. It originated in China and soon spread across the world. The ancient Egyptians used polish as an indicator of class status; workers wore clear polish, whereas wealthier individuals used henna – a red-orange dye from the henna plant, which contains lawsone (also known as hennotannic acid, C10H6O3). Ancient fashion icons used animal products, such as mixes of gum, beeswax and egg whites, to keep the glaze on their nails.
However, in 1917, Northam Warren introduced modern liquid nail polish as a way to protect people’s cuticles. This contained nitrocellulose, a film-forming polymer used extensively for painting cars (and in explosives). This polymer is soluble in organic, volatile solvents (most commonly ethyl acetate) that evaporate when exposed to air to leave behind the lacquer. To remove the polish, you just need another organic solvent to dissolve the polymer – typically, nail polish remover contains ethyl acetate or acetone.
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